Korea’s unified ledger paper is silent on privacy. Central banks should take note

The Bank of Korea has released a detailed paper on Project Hangang, a unified ledger initiative designed to integrate tokenized commercial bank deposits with a wholesale central bank digital currency (wCBDC). While the project aims to maintain the traditional two-tier monetary system, the report notably omits any discussion regarding privacy protections for retail and interbank transactions. This oversight is significant because the platform centralizes retail payments, wholesale settlement, and programmability under a single central bank-operated infrastructure. The initiative has already completed a Phase I trial involving 80,000 users and 12,000 merchants, with Phase II expanding to nine commercial banks later this month. The South Korean government maintains an ambitious goal to utilize this tokenized framework to distribute 25% of National Treasury Funds by 2030. The absence of privacy discourse in such a comprehensive design document raises concerns about data partitioning and the central bank's visibility into private transaction flows. For the broader RWA market, this highlights the ongoing tension between central bank oversight and the necessity of data confidentiality in tokenized financial systems. Addressing these privacy gaps remains essential for ensuring commercial bank participation and public trust in sovereign-backed digital ledgers.